Background: Hyperlipidemia and its related complications are among the most frequent problems during the menopause. Controversies have arisen regarding the effects of hormone replacement therapy on serum lipids during the menopause, so the present study was conducted over the menopausal women referring to the hospitals of Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 1998-99.Materials and methods: 40 menopausal females ahd entered this clinical trial. Including criteria were: non-obesity (BMI<30), normal uterus, blood pressure<160/90mnHg, no previous history of diabetes, hypothyroidism, renal failure, acute liver disease, and breast cancer. Meanwhile, candidates should have no obligation for estrogen-therapy (such as thrombophlebitis, ...). 8cc blood sample was obtained for FSH, FBS, LFT, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL measurement. FSH was measured through radioimmunoassay and lipid parameters were determined enzymatically. Hormone replacement therapy was administered for 3 months as below: conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/d, first to 25th day of each menstrual cycle as well as medroxyprogestrone acetate 10mg/d, 15thto 25th day of each menstrual cycle. Then, blood samples were obtained and lipidemic parameters were determined and compared with the previous results.Results: The mean age (±SD) of the candidates was 53.9±2.83 and the mean age of menopausal was 51.9±1.45 years. Serum cholesterol level was reported 197.4±37.9 mg/dl before the hormone replacement therapy, but was decreased by 17% (162.4±31.5mg/dl) after that (p<0.001). However, HDL level has shown 14.91% increase after the therapy (50.3±12.2 vs. 57.8±14.5 mg/dl). Meanwhile, LDL and triglyceride levels have shown 21.4% and 9.56% reduction following the procedure (124.5±44.5 vs. 97.8±34.3 mg/dl, and 163.4±55.98 vs. 147.7±52.47 mg/dl, respectively, p<0.001).Conclusion: Hormone replacement therapy could reduce serum lipid level in menopausal females. Another study regarding the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy on hyperlipidemic menopausal females is strongly recommended.

Context: Hormonereplacement therapy (HRT) is widely used to control postmenopausal symptoms. This therapy is also used to prevent diseases such as osteoporosis and dementia. However, clinical trials suggest some negative effects regarding postmenopausal HRT. This study evaluates the effects of HRT on postmenopausal cardiovascular events. Evidence Acquisition: We collected data from 32 articles by using valid keywords and searching databases of PubMed, Medlib, ScienceDirect, EmBase, Scopus, Index Copernicus, SID, and Iranmedex. Analysis was performed by comparing three groups of postmenopausal women: combined hormone therapy (estrogen + progesterone), estrogen alone treated group, and placebo-receiving group (control group). Data were analyzed using the random effect model meta-analysis by using R software and Stata software Version 11. 2. Results: Of the collected 32 studies between 1998 and 2016, there were 1277686 subjects with an average age of 60. 6 years. The prevalence of myocardial infarction were (2. 64%), coronary heart disease (1. 7%), stroke (254%), cardiovascular death (1. 54%), revascularization (3. 26 %), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (2. 78%) in the combined hormone therapy group. Also, in the estrogen-treated group were 2. 95%, 3. 41%, 2. 49%, 2. 8%,-, 3. 14%, respectively. In the placebo-receiving group these events were 2. 09%, 2. 73%, 2. 9%, 2. 25%, 4. 96%, and 11. 92, respectively. The results showed that estrogen therapy could increase the incidence of stroke. Moreover, HRT could have positive effects on the serum lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal HRT appears to be non-effective on coronary artery disease, revascularization, myocardial infarction, and cardiac-related deaths; however, it could play a role in increasing the stroke rate.

There are numerous, often contradictory reports on the effect of growth hormone (GH) therapy on thyroid function. These reports prompted us to evaluate the impact of GH therapy on thyroid function in previously euthyroid children with GH deficiency. Twenty five clinically and biochemically euthyroid children with GH deficiency were studied. A thyroid profile (T4, Free T4, T3 and TSH) was performed at baseline and 3, 6 and 12 months after GH therapy in 21 children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (group A) and 4 children with organic GH deficiency (group B). We observed a significant reduction in serum T4 and free T4 concentrations during GH therapy in both groups (P<0.01). No patient in group A had free T4 levels fell into the hypothyroid range, while in one of four patients in group B, free T4 value fell into the hypothyroid range during GH therapy. In both groups, no significant variation in serum TSH and T3 was recorded at any time. Our data suggest that GH therapy can introduce changes in thyroid function and so confirm the need of a careful monitoring of thyroid function in particular in children with organic GH deficiency during long-term GH therapy.

Background: Menopause and its effects on women's life are of utmost importance. In the present study we decided to evaluate the effects of estrogen on menopausal women with sleeping disorders. Materials and methods: 60 menopausal women were included in a 3-month clinical trial with concurrent controls. 30 patient cases were received conjugated estrogen 0.625mgld orally for 3 months, however, control subjects were given placebo (one tablet) per day for the same period. Before and after the treatment, both groups were asked to complete the questionnaire. Results: Treatment with estrogen reduces number of awakenings, daily drowsiness, morning tiredness, and improved repeated sleeping (p<0.05). We could not find any correlation between weight, age, time of menopause and cause of menopause with sleep disorders. Conclusion: We concluded that estrogen replacement therapy reduces sleeping problems in postmenopausal women.

Background and purpose: Hormonal changes, hot flush and peri-menopausal crises affect women's mental; health and predisposes them to depression. Hormone replacement therapy is applied to treat menopausal symptoms but its effect on depression is in question. Therefore / this research is Conducted to determine the effect of hormone replacement therapy on menopausal depression.Methods and Materials: In this quasi - experimental study 40 menopausal women from Mashad, with no history of hormone therapy psychiatric disorders and no Contraindication of hormone therapy, were selected and divided into 2 groups according to their own tendency. The experimental group received 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen and 2.5 mg medroxy progesterone acetate daily for six weeks; the control group received nothing. Sample selection checklists, demographic questionnaire, Beck's depression inventory, premenstrual syndrome test, Cassidy social support scale, Uzeng self- esteem, and attitudes toward menopause and hormone therapy were utilized for data collection. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using independent and paired t- tests, as well as two - way ANOVA.Results: mean depression score at the outset for the control and experimental groups were 21.85±8.4 and 20.25±7.5 and at the end of the study 17.00±8.7 and 15.5±7.6 respectively; this implied a significant difference in each group. However, the difference between the two groups was not significant.Conclusion: The results indicated no significant different in utilizing or not utilizing Hormone Replacement therapy on menopausal depression. Therefore, longitudinal and more extensive researches are recommended to Study the issue.